Fatigue resistance is a critical factor to consider when designing engineering structures subjected to cyclic loading. Failure due to fatigue can occur over time as the material experiences accumulated damage, eventually leading to fracture. To augment fatigue resistance, engineers employ a variety

Shot peening machines are crucial tools employed to improve the mechanical properties of various materials. The process involves bombarding a workpiece with small, hard particles at high velocity, inducing compressive residual stresses on its surface. These compressive stresses counteract tensile st